Drinking behavior among government employees in Changsha and its influencing factors / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVES@#To analyze the prevalence and influencing factors for drinking behavior and heavy drinking among government employees in Changsha and provide a basis for carrying out interventions for drinking behaviors and formulating public health promotion plans for government employees.@*METHODS@#Government employees were recruited consecutively from the Health Management Center of a general hospital in Changsha between December 2017 and December 2018. Information on sociodemograpic characteristics, drinking behaviors, life events, and psychosocial characteristics was collected using a standard set of questionnaire. Drinking behavior was defined as drinking once or more per week for the past 12 months. The differences in drinking rates and excessive drinking rates among groups with different characteristics were compared. Multivariate analysis was performed to analyze the associated factors of drinking behaviors and heavy drinking for government employees.@*RESULTS@#A total of 6 190 people completed this investigation. The overall drinking rate of government employees in Changsha was 21.9%, and the rate of drinking was higher in males than that in females (44.7% vs 4.0%, @*CONCLUSIONS@#The drinking and heavy drinking rates of government employees are high in Changsha. Marital status, physical exercise, and frequency of social intercourse are the common influencing factors of male drinking behavior and female drinking behavior. The life events stimulation is the influencing factor of heavy drinking.

Prevalence patterns of alcohol consumption and factors associated with problematic drinking on remote islands of Okinawa, Japan: a cross-sectional study / Journal of Rural Medicine

Objective: This study aims to investigate the drinking behavior on the remote islands of Okinawa Prefecture.Patients/Materials and Method: This was a cross-sectional study conducted with residents of Okinawa Prefecture’s small, isolated islands. Between October 1 and December 3, 2014, island residents over 20 years of age who visited island clinics for an annual health checkup or influenza vaccination were recruited. An anonymous entry survey was administered to those who provided their consent. The survey included information on age, sex, presence or absence of drinking, age at drinking initiation, smoking status, comorbidities, and family and social background. The Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) was used to assess alcohol consumption. Participant characteristics were analyzed descriptively, and logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess relationships between the high-risk drinking group (AUDIT score ≥10 points) and other measured variables (age, sex, age at drinking initiation, smoking, residence, and employment status).Results: Compared to the results of a national survey in 2013, there was a significantly higher prevalence of male island residents who drank ≥40 g of alcohol per day and female island residents who drank ≥20 g/day, levels which are considered risk factors for lifestyle diseases. Among both male and female island residents, there were significantly higher proportions of those with AUDIT scores ≥8 points, referred to as high-risk drinkers, and those with AUDIT scores ≥20, individuals considered to have probable alcohol dependence, as compared to the results of the national survey. In a logistic regression analysis, factors related to high-risk drinking included younger age, male sex, smoking history, inoccupation, and underage drinking initiation.Conclusion: This is the first report on drinking behavior among inhabitants of Okinawa’s remote islands. The degree of alcohol consumption is serious and must be recognized as a regional health problem.

College Alcohol Study for Alcohol-Related Behaviors and Problems / 보건행정학회지

BACKGROUND: In this study, we aimed to investigate the drinking behaviors and drinking-related problems of college students in South Korea to produce national alcohol statistics. METHODS: We carefully examined the questionnaires and previous research developed in the previous research project and selected questions that reflect the special environment and culture of college students. In order to stratify a nationally representative sample of college students, the distribution of students around the country were found through the educational statistics database of the Korea Educational Development Institute. Based on this information, we conducted a survey in collaboration with Gallup (Korea) to survey and analyze the drinking behaviors of 5,024 Korean students. RESULTS: A nationwide cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2017, for Korean college students. A total of 5,024 students were recruited and analyzed. The monthly drinking rate was 78.0% for male students and 72.9% for female students. The high-risk drinking rate was 23.3% for male students and 17.2% for female students. The most popular category for number of drinks per drinking session was ‘more than 10 glasses’ per drinking session for both male (44.1%) and female (32.8%). On the alcohol use disorders identification test, the greatest proportion of male students were in the high-risk drinking category (score 8 to 15) 43.8%, followed by the ‘low-risk drinking’ (score 0 to 7) in 43.6%, ‘alcohol abuse’ (score 16 to 19) 7.2%, and ‘alcohol dependence’ (greater than 20) 5.4% categories, respectively. For female students, the greatest proportion of female students were in the ‘low-risk drinking’ in 49.6%, followed by ‘high-risk drinking’ 37.1%, ‘alcohol abuse’ 8.4%, and ‘alcohol dependence’ 4.9% categories, respectively. CONCLUSION: The results of the study showed that the drinking behavior of Korean college students was excessive. Overall, it was found that the college population has a greater high-risk drinking behaviors than general adult population. Furthermore, these problem drinking behaviors were prominent among female college students. Results from the present study suggest that it is necessary to monitor the drinking behavior of college students with constant interest and to prepare policies and strategies suitable for these circumstances.

Analysis of Drinking Behavior According to Household Type: Using Data from the 6th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have revealed an association between health behavior and household type; moreover, there have been debates on the relation between drinking behavior and household type. Therefore, we examined drinking behavior of one-person households and compared the differences with multi-person households.METHODS: This study analyzed 8,966 participants, aged 19 years or older, in the 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013, 2015). All participants were categorized into one- and multi-person households. The general characteristics were extracted using a chi-square test, and the risk of drinking behavior of one-person households was analyzed via multiple logistic regression.RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences in the drinking behavior of men by household type. However, the risks of binge and problem drinking were 3.242 times (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.624–6.471) and 2.488 times (95% CI, 1.097–5.642) higher, respectively, in one-person household women than in multi-person household members aged between 19 and 39 years. Furthermore, the risk of problem drinking was 2.266 times (95% CI, 1.126–4.561) higher in one-person household women than in multi-person household members aged between 40 and 64 years.CONCLUSION: Considering the increasing trend of one-person households, follow-up studies on drinking behavior of one-person households are needed; the findings of these studies need to be used to prevent alcohol-related diseases and socio-economic problems.

Alcohol-related blackouts among college students: impact of low level of response to alcohol, ethnicity, sex, and environmental characteristics

Objective: To explore how a genetically-influenced characteristic (the level of response to alcohol [LR]), ethnicity, and sex relate to environmental and attitudinal characteristics (peer drinking [PEER], drinking to cope [COPE], and alcohol expectancies [EXPECT]) regarding future alcohol-related blackouts (ARBs). Methods: Structural equation models (SEMs) were used to evaluate how baseline variables related to ARB patterns in 462 college students over 55 weeks. Data were extracted from a longitudinal study of heavy drinking and its consequences at a U.S. university. Results: In the SEM analysis, female sex and Asian ethnicity directly predicted future ARBs (beta weights 0.10 and -0.11, respectively), while all other variables had indirect impacts on ARBs through alcohol quantities (beta weights ~ 0.23 for European American ethnicity and low LR, 0.21 for cannabis use and COPE, and 0.44 for PEER). Alcohol quantities then related to ARBs with beta = 0.44. The SEM explained 23% of the variance. Conclusion: These data may be useful in identifying college students who are more likely to experience future ARBs over a 1-year period. They enhance our understanding of whether the relationships of predictors to ARBs are direct or mediated through baseline drinking patterns, information that may be useful in prevention strategies for ARBs.

Trastornos de la conducta de beber: una propuesta de investigación / Drinking behavior disorders: a research proposal

La palabra trastorno refiere un grupo de signos, síntomas y conductas que pueden ocurrir en diferentes formas clínicas y con distintos niveles de severidad. Aunque la investigación sobre los trastornos de la conducta de beber es poco conocida, se ha observado un aumento de respuestas desordenadas relacionadas con el beber en exceso que requieren urgente atención académica. Uno de los problemas principales para su aparente falta de conocimiento consiste en la conceptualización del fenómeno y su medición. El objetivo del presente trabajo consiste en proponer la inclusión de la potomanía, drunkorexia y atracón de azúcar como trastornos de la conducta de beber a partir de un análisis descriptivo de estos fenómenos. En base a ello se incluye un apartado acerca de la sed y la conducta de beber, distinguiendo el beber habitual del beber excesivo. Posteriormente se describen los posibles trastornos de la conducta de beber, revisando los métodos y manipulaciones experimentales utilizadas. Se reconoce la falta de evidencia científica para determinar si pueden considerarse o no trastornos. Finalmente, se discute la posibilidad de incluir otras conductas dentro de los trastornos de la conducta de beber en un futuro cercano.

Disorder word refers a signs, symptoms and behaviors group those who can occur in many clinical ways and in severity different levels. Although drinking behavior disorders research is know it a little, it has observed a raise of disorder responses in relation with excessive behavior who's require urgent academic attention. One of its principal problems for lack of knowledge apparent consists about measuring and conceptualization phenomenon. The objective of present work consists about discussion on drinking disorder behaviors. The purpose is to review its definition and propose potomania, drunkorexia and sugar bingeing like drinking disorders through a descriptive analysis. Content of this work includes the thirst and drinking behavior part and its methods and experimental manipulations used. We recognize the lack of scientific research to determine if they can considerate or not disorders. In a near future we discuss the possibility of another behaviors inclusion like drinking behaviors disorders.

Alimentos na consistência líquida e deglutição: uma revisão crítica da literatura / Food in liquid consistency and deglutition: a critical review of the literature

O objetivo da presente revisão de literatura foi analisar artigos científicos internacionais publicados sobre a fisiologia da deglutição de alimentos líquidos nas fases oral e faríngea. A metodologia empregada envolveu a formulação da pergunta; localização e seleção dos estudos; avaliação crítica dos artigos; conforme os preceitos do Cochrane Handbook. Foram identificados 185 artigos, dos quais se excluiu 141 por não relacionarem-se diretamente ao tema e analisou-se 29 estudos. As pesquisas estão fortemente relacionadas às formas de identificação de disfagia e não as características proporcionadas pela deglutição de diferentes consistências. Quanto à metodologia empregada nos artigos analisados observa-se que na maioria dos estudos não há grupo-controle. Os grupos estudados são heterogêneos, principalmente quando considerando indivíduos com alterações neurológicas, além disso, não há pareamento de idade na maioria dos estudos. Dessa forma, os achados desta revisão demonstram que há dificuldade na aplicabilidade clínica dos achados científicos, dificultando a prática baseada evidências.

The purpose of the present literature review was to analyze international scientific papers published on the physiology of swallowing fluids in the oral and pharyngeal phases. The employed methodology involved the formulation of the question, location and selection of studies, critical assessment of the manuscripts, according to the concepts of the Cochrane Handbook. We identified 185 articles, out of which 141 were excluded for not being directly related to the theme. Twenty-nine studies were analyzed. The researchers are strongly related to ways of identifying dysphagia and not the features offered by swallowing various consistencies. Regarding the methodology employed in the reviewed articles it is observed that in most studies there are no control groups. The studied groups are heterogeneous, especially when considering individuals with neurological disorders. In addition, subjects are not paired by age. Thus, the findings of this review indicate that there is great difficulty for clinicians to apply in their daily practice scientific findings, which in turn makes evidence-based practice very limited.

Características da deglutição sequencial de líquidos em adultos e idosos: uma revisão integrativa / Characteristics of sequential swallowing of liquids in young and elderly adults: an integrative review

OBJETIVO: Realizar revisão integrativa de estudos sobre deglutição sequencial de líquidos, caracterizando o método e os principais achados em adultos e idosos. ESTRATÉGIA DE PESQUISA: Foi realizado levantamento na literatura internacional, publicada nos idiomas Inglês ou Português, utilizando-se base de dados PubMed, LILACS, SciELO, MEDLINE, dos últimos 20 anos, cujos artigos estavam disponíveis na íntegra. Foram utilizadas as seguintes palavras, em combinações variadas: deglutição sequencial, deglutição, disfagia, copo e canudo. CRITÉRIOS DE SELEÇÃO: Foram incluídos artigos de pesquisa com abordagem metodológica referente à caracterização da deglutição sequencial de líquidos em sujeitos adultos e/ou idosos, independentemente de patologia envolvida. Excluíram-se os estudos que englobavam apenas a fase esofágica. ANÁLISE DOS DADOS: Foram considerados indicadores da pesquisa: objetivos, número e gênero dos participantes; faixa etária; quantidade de líquido ofertado; instrução para ingesta; utensílio e métodos utilizados; principais resultados. RESULTADOS: Dezoito estudos contemplaram os critérios propostos. Os artigos foram tabulados quanto à caracterização da amostra e à metodologia (volume ofertado, utensílio utilizado e tipos de exames). A maioria dos artigos envolveu apenas indivíduos saudáveis e sem queixas de deglutição. Houve diferentes tipos de instrução para deglutir todo o volume: maneira habitual; continuamente; o mais rápido possível. Os achados referentes às caracterizações da deglutição sequencial foram variados e descritos de acordo com objetivos de cada estudo. CONCLUSÃO: Constata-se grande variabilidade na metodologia empregada para caracterização da deglutição sequencial. Alguns achados não são comparáveis entre si, sendo que a deglutição sequencial ainda não faz parte da maioria dos protocolos de avaliação da deglutição. Não há consenso sobre a influência do utensílio.

PURPOSE: To perform an integrative review of studies on liquid sequential swallowing, by characterizing the methodology of the studies and the most important findings in young and elderly adults. RESEARCH STRATEGY: Review of the literature written in English and Portuguese on PubMed, LILACS, SciELO and MEDLINE databases, within the past twenty years, available fully, using the following uniterms: sequential swallowing, swallowing, dysphagia, cup, straw, in various combinations. SELECTION CRITERIA: Research articles with a methodological approach on the characterization of liquid sequential swallowing by young and/or elderly adults, regardless of health condition, excluding studies involving only the esophageal phase. DATA ANALYSIS: The following research indicators were applied: objectives, number and gender of participants; age group; amount of liquid offered; intake instruction; utensil used, methods and main findings. RESULTS: 18 studies met the established criteria. The articles were categorized according to the sample characterization and the methodology on volume intake, utensil used and types of exams. Most studies investigated only healthy individuals, with no swallowing complaints. Subjects were given different instructions as to the intake of all the volume: usual manner, continually, as rapidly as possible. The findings about the characterization of sequential swallowing were varied and described in accordance with the objectives of each study. CONCLUSION: It found great variability in the methodology employed to characterize the sequential swallowing. Some findings are not comparable, and sequential swallowing is not studied in most swallowing protocols, without consensus on the influence of the utensil.

Factors Influencing the Drinking Behavior in Female University Students

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the factors influencing the alcohol drinking behavior in female university students. METHODS: The subjects were 298 female university students at three universities in J Province and G city. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS/PC+ 15.0. RESULTS: The variables that affected the drinking behavior of female university students were smoking status, pocket money, coping strategy of problem solving, positive expectancy of alcohol drinking and negative expectancy of alcohol drinking. These factors could explain 30.4% of the drinking behavior. Stress did not affect the drinking behavior of subjects. CONCLUSION: Drinking behavior of the subjects was slightly higher than average for all women. In order to decrease the drinking behavior, the development of drinking reduction programs is needed and it can lead healthy life for female university students.

Drinking behaviors by stress level in Korean university students

The purposes of this study are to estimate the stress level of university students, and to verify the relationships between stress level and drinking behavior. A questionnaire survey was administered to 430 university students in the Gangwon area in Korea from November 5 to November 28, 2008, and data from 391 students were used for the final statistical analysis. The most stressful factor was "Worry about academic achievements" (2.86 by Likert-type 4 point scale). The subjects were divided into two groups, a low stress group ( or = 66.0), by the mean value (65.1) and median value (66.0) of the stress levels. The drinking frequency was not different between the two stress groups, but the amount of alcohol consumption was significantly different (P < 0.05). The portion of students reporting drinking "7 glasses or over" was higher in the lower stress group than in the higher stress group. In addition, factor 6, "Lack of learning ability", was negatively correlated with drinking frequency and the amount of alcohol consumption (P < 0.05), and factor 3, "Worry about academic achievements", was negatively correlated with the amount of drinking (P < 0.05). The major motive for drinking was "When overjoyed or there is something to celebrate" (2.62), and the main expected effect of drinking was "Drinking enables me to get together with people and shape my sociability" (2.73). The higher stress group showed significantly higher scores on several items in the categories of motives (P < 0.01), negative experience (P < 0.05), and expected effects (P < 0.05) of drinking than the lower stress group. Our results imply that university students at the lower stress level may drink more from social motives in positive drinking environments, while those at the higher stress level may have more problematic-drinking despite their smaller amount of alcohol consumption.

The Problem Drinking and Related Factors in Female Firefighters / 대한산업의학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to investigate problem drinking and analyze factors associated with alcohol use among female firefighters, as well as to provide useful data for management of alcohol use by female firefighters. METHODS: The study includeed 1,587 female firefighters from throught Koea. Data were collected from June to July in 2008 using self-administered questionnaires including a general questionnaire, work related questionnaire, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), the Korean Occupational Stress Scale Short Form (KOSS-26), and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD). Among 1,263 female firefighters (75.6%) surveyed, the results of 1,084 qualified questionnaires (70.5%) were analyzed using the chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: The prevalence of problem drinking (AUDIT score > or =8) in female firefighters was 12.5%. Multiple logistic analysis showed that being single, smoking and depression were correlated with problem drinking. Single female firefighter, present smokers and individuals positive for symptoms of depression had OR values of 2.11, 17.58 and 1.76, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Three factors were found to influnce the occurrence of problem drinking. Accordingly, smoking related education, counseling to cope effectively with depression and health promotion programs that consider psychological effects of job stress are needed to reduce work related factors that lead to problem drinking by female firefighters.

The Association among the Genetic Polymorphism of Dopamine D4 Receptor, Temperament and Alcohol Drinking Behavior in Young Korean Adults

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to explore the association among DRD4 polymorphism, temperament and alcohol drinking behavior of Koreans in their early adulthood. METHOD: Participants were 172 healthy Korean adults (mean age 28.1 +/- 0.8). Their temperament was assessed with the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and their alcohol drinking behavior were evaluated with a self-reported questionnaire including the CAGE and the Korean version of Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT-K). DRD4 exon III 48 base pair variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) was genotyped by PCR. RESULTS: No significant association was found between DRD4 polymorphism and TCI temperament dimension (novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, and persistence) as well as alcohol drinking behavior scales. However, novelty seeking was significantly associated with alcohol drinking behavior. The higher level of novelty seeking was associated with the higher severity index of drinking (B = -0.225, p < 0.001) and problematic alcohol use on the CAGE and AUDIT-K [Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.111, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.021-1.209, p = 0.015, OR = 1.087, 95% CI 1.009-1.170, p = 0.028]. CONCLUSION: In our study, while there is no significant association of DRD4 polymorphism with temperament and alcohol drinking behavior, novelty seeking affects problematic alcohol use. Results suggest that novelty seeking may play an important role in problematic alcohol use in young Korean adults.

The Influence of ADH1B, ALDH2 Activities and Their Combination on Drinking Behaviors of Korean Young Adults

OBJECTIVES: It is well-known that Korean people show distinctive drinking behaviors depending on the gene polymorphisms of alcohol metabolizing enzymes. This study examined the gene polymorphisms of ALDH2 and ADH1B and their combination on the drinking behaviors of Korean young adults. METHODS: Through a follow-up survey performed for a cohort consisting of 551 university freshmen for six years, the authors attempted to identify genetic factors affecting drinking behaviors. In 2000, drinking behaviors and scores of CAGE questionnaires were assessed and ALDH2 gene polymorphism was determined with PCR-RFLP. In 2006(n= 150), AUDIT-K was assessed in addition to the above and gene polymorphism of ADH1B was determined through SNaPshottrade mark method. RESULTS: While ALDH2*2 allele was associated with increased degree of drinking in 2000 and 2006. When both enzymes were active, the possibility to be classified into the risk group for alcohol dependence such as AUDIT-K(>12), and CAGE(>2) was high. CONCLUSION: The ALDH2 genotype had a significant effect on drinking behavior and degree of drinking during early adulthood. However, the combination of the active form of ADH1B and the active form of ALDH2 can be risk factor for problem drinking.

Does The Drinking Behavior of Interns and Residents Affect Their Attitudes Toward the Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) Regarding Alcohol?

PURPOSE: We investigated the relationship between the drinking behavior of primary healthcare providers (interns and residents) and their attitude toward the screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) questionnaire used for problem-drinking patients in an emergency department and an outpatient clinic. METHODS: Our survey was sent to interns and residents in two university hospitals. The survey inquired about (1) primary healthcare providers' AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test) score, (2) self diagnosis of their own drinking behavior, and (3) the attitude of problem drinking patients toward the SBIRT. We analyzed for correlations between drinking behavior and SBIRT scores. RESULTS: A total of 109 interns and residents completed the survey. The component of ratio between the normal group, risky drinking group and the alcohol use disorder group of respondents was 43.1%, 40.4% and 16.5%, respectively. The proportion of risky drinking + alcohol use disorder among our subjects was higher than in the general population. Using the AUDIT scoring method drinking behavior diagnosis and self diagnosis were correlated (p<0.05). The ratio for the normal group that disagreed for alcohol screening test's necessity (59.6%) was higher than for the risky drinking group (34.1%) and alcohol use disorder group(38.9%) (p=0.041) and shows that doctors' own drinking behavior may affect enforcement of the drinking screening test for patients. CONCLUSION: Our research suggests that alcohol use among doctors affects their attitude towards the implementation of drinking screening tests (SBIRT) for patients. Also, doctors have a higher rate of problem drinking than the general population. Those doctors in the problem-drinking group are more likely to think that they do not have any problems with their own drinking behavior and they do not agree with the necessity of a drinking screening test more than brief intervention, and referral to treatment We believe that interns and residents need medical education and self-awareness training with regards to the effects of alcohol.

The Genetic Factors Affecting Drinking Behaviors of Korean Young Adults with Variant Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 Genotype

OBJECTIVE: We determined whether aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) activity alters the way in which drinking behaviors are affected by gene polymorphisms of other alcohol-metabolizing enzymes and serotonin-related proteins. METHODS: Through a follow-up survey with a cohort comprising 551 university freshmen over a period of 6 years, we examined the genetic factors affecting drinking behaviors. In 2000, drinking behaviors were assessed and tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) and ALDH2 gene polymorphisms were determined. Drinking behaviors were repeated in 2006 (n=150), and the gene polymorphisms of ADH1B, ADH1C, CYP2E1, 5-HTR2A 1438A/G, and 5-HTR2A IVS2 were also determined. RESULTS: In 2000, the variant and wild-type ALDH2 groups exhibited little difference in terms of drinking frequency and problem drinking. Furthermore, some genotypes influenced only the variant group: ADH1B*2/*2 was associated with a lower drinking frequency, and CYP2E1 c2 allele was associated with an increased risk of problem drinking. In 2006, drinking frequency and risk of problem drinking were significantly lower in the variant group than in the wild-type group. However, the TPH AA genotype disturbed that difference, meaning that the subjects in the variant group had developed a similar level of risk of problem drinking to that in the wild-type group. CONCLUSION: Korean university freshmen who were identified as a variant group drank as frequently as those in the wild-type group. For the subsequent 6 years they drank less frequently, thus decreasing the risk of problem drinking. However, that frequency drop was interrupted in those with gene polymorphisms such as ADH1B*1, CYP2E1 c2, and TPH A.

Gender differences in sex-related alcohol expectancies in young adults from a peri-urban area in Lima, Peru / Diferencias de género en las expectativas generadas por el consumo de alcohol relacionadas con el sexo en adultos jóvenes de la periferia urbana de Lima, Perú

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the effect of sex-related alcohol expectancies (SRAE) on hazardous drinking prevalence and examine gender differences in reporting SRAE. METHODS: Trained research assistants administered part of a questionnaire to 393 men and 400 women between 18 and 30 years old from a peri-urban shantytown in Lima, Peru. The remaining questions were self-administered. Two measuring instruments-one testing for hazardous drinking and one for SRAE-were used. Multivariate data analysis was performed using logistic regression. RESULTS: Based on odds ratios adjusted for socio-demographic variables (age, marital status, education, and employment status) (n = 793), men with one or two SRAE and men with three or more SRAE were 2.3 (95 percent confidence interval (CI) = 1.4-3.8; p = 0.001) and 3.9 (95 percent CI = 2.1-7.3; p < 0.001) times more likely than men with no SRAE, respectively, to be hazardous drinkers. Reporting of SRAE was significantly higher in men versus women. CONCLUSION: In a shantytown in Lima, SRAE is associated with hazardous drinking among men, but not among women, and reporting of SRAE differs by gender.

OBJETIVOS: Estimar el efecto de las expectativas generadas por el consumo de alcohol relacionadas con el sexo (SRAE) sobre la prevalencia del consumo peligroso y analizar las diferencias en la información sobre las SRAE según el género. MÉTODOS: Asistentes entrenados aplicaron parte de un cuestionario a 393 hombres y 400 mujeres de 18 a 30 años de edad residentes en un barrio marginal periurbano de Lima, Perú. Los participantes respondieron las preguntas restantes de forma individual. Se emplearon dos instrumentos de evaluación: uno sobre el consumo peligroso y otro sobre las SRAE. Se realizó un análisis multifactorial de los datos mediante regresión logística. RESULTADOS: Según las razones de posibilidades (odds ratios) ajustadas por algunas variables sociodemográficas (edad, estado marital, educación y situación laboral) (n = 793), los hombres con una o dos SRAE y los que tenían tres SRAE o más presentaron 2,3 (intervalo de confianza de 95 por ciento [IC95 por ciento]: 1,4 a 3,8; P = 0,001) y 3,9 (IC95 por ciento: 2,1 a 7,3; P < 0,001) veces más probabilidades, respectivamente, de ser bebedores peligrosos que los hombres sin SRAE. Los hombres informaron SRAE en una proporción significativamente mayor que las mujeres. CONCLUSIONES: En un barrio periférico pobre de Lima, las SRAE se asociaron significativamente con el consumo peligroso de bebidas alcohólicas en hombres, pero no en mujeres, y se observaron diferencias en la información sobre las SRAE según el género.

Expectativas en el consumo de alcohol en Bucaramanga, Colombia / Expectancies towards alcohol consumption in Bucaramanga, Colombia

Background: Expectancies such as memories, motivations and emotions towards alcohol are an important predictor of alcohol consumption in the population. The Alcohol Expectancy Questionnaire (AEQ-III) can measure objectively these expectancies. Aim: To study which expectancies are associated to alcohol consumption in adults living in Bucaramanga, Colombia. Material and methods: The AEQ-III was applied to 601 adults (334 males) aged 18 to 60 years. A binomial regression was used to determine the expectancies that were associated with alcohol consumption after adjusting for social and demographic variables. Results: Eighty nine percent of the population consumes alcohol, without differences by age, gender, body mass index, educational or socioeconomic level. Positive expectancies related to disinhibition and feelings of power with a prevalence ratio (PR) of 1.33 (95 percent confidence intervals of1.06-1.67) and an age of ¡ess than 16 years when alcohol consumption started, with a PR of 1.15 (95 percent confidence intervals of 1.08-1.23), were the only two explanatory variables for alcohol consumption. Conclusions: Alcohol comsuption is more associated to social context and group integration than with individual behaviors.

Effect of Drinking Prevention Program on Drinking Related Knowledge, Attitude, Drinking Refusal Self-Efficacy and Behavior of High School Girls / 기본간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was done to determine the effect of drinking prevention program on the levels of drinking related knowledge, attitude, drinking refusal self-efficacy and behavior in high school girls. METHOD: This was nonequivalent control group pre-post test design. The subjects were 133 high school girls who were conveniently assigned to experimental and control group. The data were collected from May to September, 2005 and analyzed using Chi-square test, t-test and ANCOVA. RESULTS: 1. The 1st hypothesis, "The drinking-related knowledge score of experimental group will be significantly higher than that of control group in posttest" was supported (F=256.30, p= .001). 2. The 2nd hypothesis, "The drinking-related attitude score of experimental group will be significantly higher than that of control group in posttest" was supported (F=43.35, p= .001). The 3rd hypothesis, "The drinking refusal self-efficacy of experimental group will be significantly higher than that of control group in posttest" was supported (F=43.86, p= .001). 4. The 4th hypothesis, "The number of drinking of experimental group will be significantly lower than that of control group in posttest" was supported (F=6.12, p= .015). 5. The 5th hypothesis, "The drinking amount of experimental group will be significantly lower than that of control group in posttest" was supported (F=8.52, p= .004). 5. CONCLUSION: This drinking prevention program was effective in increasing the drinking-related knowledge and attitude, and the drinking refusal self-efficacy, and in reducing the drinking behavior of high school girls.

Effect of L-5-Hydroxytryptophan on drinking behavior in Coturnix japonica (Temminck and Schlegel, 1849) (Galliformes: Aves): involvement of renin-angiotensin system

The purpose of this study was to explore the role of L-5-hydroxytryptophan (L-HTP) and its relationship with the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) on the drinking behavior in Japanese quails. Normally-hydrated quails that received injections of L-HTP (12.5; 25 and 50 mg.kg-1) by the intracoelomic route (ic) expressed an increase in water intake, which was inhibited by captopril, an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. In addition, captopril also induced such a response in birds under previous fluid deprivation. High doses of captopril (35-70 mg.kg-1, sc) in normally-hydrated quails decreased the spontaneous water intake while low doses of captopril (2-5 mg.kg-1, sc) did not prompt water intake after L-HTP administration. Losartan, an AT1 receptor antagonist in mammals, did not change the water intake levels in normally-hydrated or water-deprivated birds. Serotonin (5-HT) injections did not provoke its known dipsogenic response.

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a influência do L-5-hidroxitriptofano (L-HTP) e sua relação com o sistema renina-angiotensina (SRA) no comportamento dipsogênico de codornas. Codornas normohidratadas que receberam L-HTP em diferentes doses (12,5; 25 e 50 mg.kg-1) por via intracelomática (ic) expressaram um aumento na ingestão de água, o qual foi suprimido pela administração prévia de captopril (inibidor da ECA-enzima conversora de angiotensina). Esta ação inibitória do captopril, em menor intensidade, foi também evidenciada em aves previamente submetidas ao jejum hídrico. O tratamento isolado com captopril (35-70 mg.kg-1) reduziu consideravelmente a ingestão espontânea de água em codornas normohidratadas, enquanto baixas doses (2-5 mg.kg-1) não provocaram aumento na ingestão de água induzida pelo L-HTP. Losartan, um antagonista de receptores AT1 em mamíferos, não foi capaz de modificar os níveis de ingestão hídrica, tanto em aves normohidratadas quanto em aves privadas de água. Serotonina aplicada perifericamente não promoveu a conhecida resposta dipsogênica de mamíferos.

The Genetic and Psychosocial Factors Affecting the Change of Drinking Behavior of Male College Students / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the general predictive factors of change in drinking behavior and to provide materials for preventing drinking problems during early adulthood through examining genetic and psychosocial factors affecting the change of drinking behavior in college students. METHODS: The subjects were 101 male college students, a part of 534 students who had completed the previous study in 2000. In the present study as a 6-years follow up, we reassessed the drinking pattern and psychosocial variables and compared the results with previous data of the same subjects. To identify factors affecting the current drinking pattern, we used stepwise multiple regression and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: D allele (ALDH2) was found to reduce the degree of drinking and suppress problematic drinking, and C allele (TPH) had a suppression effect on problematic drinking. Drinking motive had a direct effect on the degree of drinking and problematic drinking. Negative cognitive expectancy had a direct effect on problematic drinking. CONCLUSION: Authors found some factors affecting the change of alcohol drinking behavior in college students and confirmed that there were hierarchies of significance among these factors. These may be applicable as variables for predicting drinking behavior in early adulthood.